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Nieuwe Zakelijkheid, translated as New Objectivity or New Pragmatism, is a Dutch period of modernist architecture that started in the 1920s and continued into the 1930s; the term is also used to denote a (brief) period in art and literature (esp. the early novels ''Blokken'', ''Knorrende Beesten'', and ''Bint'' by Ferdinand Bordewijk〔There continues to be disagreement as to whether Bordewijk really "belonged" to that style. See Ralf Grüttemeier, "Bordewijk en de Nieuwe Zakelijkheid," in 〕). Related to and descended from the German movement Neue Sachlichkeit, Nieuwe Zakelijkheid is characterized by angular shapes and designs that are generally free of ornamentation and decoration. The architecture is based on functional considerations and often included open layouts that allowed spaces to be used with flexibility. Sliding doors were included in some of the designs.〔D. J. M. van der Voordt, Herman B. R. Wegen (Architecture in Use ) page 56〕 The movement is associated with Het Nieuwe Bouwen (new building) and was contemporary and related to cubism and De Stijl, and applies similar design principles to architecture.〔Dennis Sharp (The Illustrated encyclopedia of architects and architecture ) 1991〕 kheid+architecture. Dutch architects working in this style included Theo van Doesburg, Gerrit Rietveld, and J.J.P. Oud. The architectural style is similar to Piet Mondrian's artwork who was working contemporaneously with the architects. Common influences are also seen in furniture designs. Some critics associated the style with dogmatic marxism or capitalism, seeing in the buildings a reflection of the mass-produced values that comes with a focus on economy rather than craftsmanship. ==Dutch East Indies== By the end of 1920s, Nieuwe Zakelijkheid became popular in the Dutch East Indies. The style was slightly conformed to the tropical climate of Indonesia with the addition of 'double facade' concept, a typical element of tropical Indische architecture. Earliest example of this is the office of ''Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij'' building (1929) in Batavia, Dutch East Indies now Bank Mandiri Museum, built under a well-planned spatial planning around the station square ''Waterlooplein'' of Kota Station, a sample of pre-World War II urban planning which for Southeast Asia was completely unprecedented. Other notable examples are Palembang City Hall (Snuyf, 1928-1931, nicknamed ''Gedung Ledeng'', Indonesian "plumb building") and Kota Post Office Building (Baumgartner, 1929). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nieuwe Zakelijkheid」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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